Chloranil

Benzyl alcohol (systematically named phenylmethanol, C₆H₅CH₂OH) possesses a documented density of 1.045 g/mL at 25°C. Representing the fundamental structure of aromatic alcohols, this compound can be conceptually described as either a benzene ring bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent or a methanol molecule with phenyl substitution. It presents as a colorless, viscous liquid exhibiting a mild aromatic odor. During extended storage, oxidative processes may generate trace benzaldehyde, imparting a characteristic bitter almond aroma. The substance demonstrates polar character, relatively low toxicity, and reduced vapor pressure, supporting its utility as an alcoholic solvent, though it remains flammable. With limited aqueous solubility (approximately 1 g per 25 mL water), it demonstrates ready miscibility with organic solvents including ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, and chloroform. Naturally occurring in essential oils—either in free form or esterified—it is identified in jasmine, ylang-ylang, plumeria, hyacinth, moonflower, Peru balsam, and Tolu balsam. The compound gradually undergoes atmospheric oxidation during storage, forming benzaldehyde and anisole derivatives, explaining the frequent presence of almond-like notes in commercial samples. Furthermore, benzyl alcohol undergoes oxidation to benzoic acid when treated with oxidizing agents such as concentrated nitric acid.

 Safety Information

This substance demonstrates anesthetic characteristics while simultaneously producing pronounced irritant effects on ocular, dermal, and respiratory tissues. It presents toxicity risks through oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Internal exposure may induce cephalalgia, emesis, nausea, digestive tract complications, convulsions, unconsciousness, and potentially fatal outcomes. The documented median lethal dose (LD₅₀) in rat models is 1230 mg/kg. Following systemic absorption, benzyl alcohol undergoes primary oxidation to benzoic acid, subsequently conjugating with glycine in hepatic pathways to form hippuric acid for renal excretion. When employed as a solvent vehicle in intramuscular injections, it may precipitate gluteal muscular contracture.